Introducing Esl Writing Test Essay Samples

Introducing Esl Writing Test Essay Samples Most Noticeable Esl Writing Test Essay Samples This form of essay writing will ask you to use conditional sentence structures. Don't forget to write about either side of the argument, if you are requested to do so in the essay question. These essays aren't meant as a stand-in for having a superior fundamental comprehension of grammar and writing structure. For instance, if you're writing an essay on How Global Warming can be lowered, it's going to be a fantastic idea you take a minute to define what global warming is about in your introductory paragraph. The next paragraph introduces another idea. The introduction or the introductory paragraph is quite a relevant part of your essay on account of the simple fact it states the principal idea of your composition. The conclusion can be composed of a few sentences. Your conclusion does not need to have to be complex or extraordinary. Make sure that you have chosen the suitable topic before starting! The lecture might incorporate information that isn't regarding the reading. After reading the passage, then you'll listen to a lecture on the very same topic. Then you are going to listen to a lecture regarding the exact same topic. The photograph that I'm using as an instance is extremely striking and caught my attention in a time I was experiencing plenty of stress at home. At the conclusion of your test a screen will inform you exactly how lots of the questions you got right and the length of time you took to finish the test. You will be asked to finish your test by closing time . Set aside a while to write. A Startling Fact about Esl Writing Test Essay Samples Uncovered Within this section you'll find samples of essays belonging to different essay types and manners of formatting. You must get as much information as you can. One, we apply an extremely careful collection of our writers. It's only normal to be anxious about hiring an on-line essay writer since you can't ever be sure whether you are employing the ideal service or not. Esl Writing Test Essay Samples Help! Now you understand how to compose an SAT essay. The sample essay is all about computers. SAT Essay writing requires an extremely particular set of skills. Starting to compose an essay can be challenging. In English Language, compositions or essays actually are one of the most crucial facets of the subject. It will be useful to compose essays. To put it differently, the essay should say how you intend to get ready for class. Writing essays, needless to say! Browsing our essay writing samples can offer you a sense whether the standard of our essays is the quality you're looking for. If you fret about the characteristic of your essay as well as you're worrying about whether you can discover a paper writer you may trust, you have arrived at the perfect location. A students should aim to provide a reminder of the principal flavors of the essay. You are unable to write a great essay when you're in a rush or thinking about various other things you need to do. Secondly, naturally, you require good English! The lecture follows the identical pattern, with the principal points matching up with the key points in the reading passage. Whichever strategy you use, however, be sure to ke ep your eye on the time so that you don't run out of time for analyzing and writing! In planning for the decision of the essay, the students should choose the chance to reaffirm their position. Looking at IELTS essay topics with answers is a superb approach that will help you to get ready for the test. Your answers could be very different. You won't be required to get any former knowledge on a topic. Before you test, make sure to review. Introducing Esl Writing Test Essay Samples These essays must be regarded as supplementary material and ought to be utilised as a complement to your existing ESL curriculum at school. Writing good compositions is vital in the English Language in the feeling that it permits the student to have the ability to express what is in their mind regarding a specific matter. Regardless of what you're studying in college, very good writing skills are vital. Most have to visit the city to have a fantastic education. The committee will present their approval on Tuesday. GAMSAT is a well-known term among students. All students that are applying for college or university are expected to compose an essay. Having rules about Internet usage is inadequate. You should keep in mind that the body is the point where the vast majority of your marks lie. As people say practice makes perfect and they're not wrong. When you're learning a foreign language your main desire is to get started speaking it whenever possible and hopefully sound like a native speaker.

Comparing Adolescence And Maturity During The Short...

Comparing Adolescence and Maturity in the Short Stories â€Å"Sucker† and â€Å"Araby† Adolescence emanates from the Latin verb adolescere which means to grow into maturity. In other words, it is the period in which an individual must establish a sense of personal identity. In the Carson McCullers’s story â€Å"Sucker† two young characters struggle with their transition to adulthood. The narrator Pete, is 16, and the older of the two boys by about three years. The stories action covers an extended flashback in which Pete reflects on his relationship with his cousin Sucker, who has lived with him since his â€Å"folks were killed in a wreck when he was a baby† (McCullers 2). Pete generally treats sucker poorly causing the latter to isolate himself, however,†¦show more content†¦In due of the fact that primarily, adolescent love is an attempt to arrive at a definition of one s identity by projecting their self image on another person. Adolescents seek self-affirmation in their partners, and Pete is no exception. He appears to learn nothing a bout Maybelle but much about himself. Recognizing that towards the conclusion of the relationship he is the only one involved. He showers Maybelle with gifts and services, asking only for her affection in return. However his romance is never realized:â€Å"I met her going to the drug store and asked for a date. She told me she was sick and tired of my being around and that she had never cared a rap about me. She said all that. I just stood there and didn t answer anything. I walked home very slowly† (McCullers 5). Furthermore, it is clear that to Pete, Maybelle is a purely physical entity in that, every description of her portrays only her beauty and indescribable perfection â€Å" ..her hands†¦are very little and white†¦It is impossible to describe† (McCullers 2). Similarly, in Araby, the narrator shares the same blind obsession with the idea of winning the love of a perfect woman. The boys infatuation with Mangan s sister drives him away from childhood towa rds adulthood. He breaks ties with childhood friends and luxuriates in his isolation. Like Pete he can think of nothing but how ecstatic she makes

Corporate Social Responsibility Benefits of Stakeholders

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Social Responsibility for Benefits of Stakeholders. Answer: Introduction Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) refers to the approach that a particular business contributes for a sustainable enhancement by providing social, economic and environmental benefits to the stakeholders. In CSR activities, the company concentrates to control the level of damage caused to the environment in terms of pollution and other social issues. The paper intends to conduct an in-depth analysis on the CSR activities with the help of relevant scholarly articles to obtain knowledge about different trends of CSR and its impact on the ecological environment as well as the community (Fontaine, 2013). Scope The completion of the paper will enhance the understanding on the importance of CSR activities and current trends based on which further studies on business environment can also be conducted. The importance to include the ethical consideration by an organization towards the stakeholders engaged with the business have been elaborated in the paper, which will provide a clear understanding on the factors that also help the organizations in gaining competitive advantages as well. Basis of Selection The scholarly articles have been selected on the basis of the information included regarding current trends of CSR activities and the outcome or derived conclusion through which the paper can further evaluate the significance of the CSR accordingly. The paper focuses on the current trends of the CSR activities for which the paper included the articles that are published within2008-2016 to review the identified area. Literature Review Approaches to CSR and Definitions According to the view presented by Fontaine (2013), the organizations can be regarded as socially responsible, when they fund a project for the development of the social system. This particular activity is termed as CSR, wherein the organization concentrates to return a specific amount of profit gained with the support of the stakeholders in their development purpose. The various factors that affects CSR are development in technology, breaches in ethics, globalization, new legislations made by governmental entities and consumers demand regarding ethics among others. In this regard, Matten Moon (2008) affirmed that CSR varies on the basis of regions and its policies, as it defined as the motto of business to conduct charitable activities. However, Aldama, Amar Trostianki (2009) supported the view by stating that the organizations must concentrate and prioritized the CSR activities for gaining higher level of competitive advantages in the respective domain. In addition to this, it is also stated the manner of performing the responsibilities towards the community are also changing in the present context based on the market preferences and requirements. In this context, Aldama et al, (2009) further added that after establishing CSR policies, the companies hardly concentrate on initiating measures for risk management. The CSR manager needs to communicate with all the departments to determine integrated CSR policy, which can provide more effective outcome on the community development. Concerning the present market, Strand (2009) stated that comparatively large companies include an individual department for CSR activities, which will purely concentrate on enhancing the outcome of CSR policies and reporting the higher autho rity in case of risks or uncertainties. In addition to this, Runhaar Lafferty (2008) further asserted that in recent decades, CSR activities are considered as a vital aspect for organizations across the globe. Organizations nowadays largely focus on these activities to maintain a good brand image in the market, which in turn help to gain high profitability in long run. Therefore, it is observed in the present context that the companies must concentrate to perform certain ethical duties towards the society and should try to reduce the negative impacts on the ecological environment due to the business operations. Strand (2009) included certain attempts that have been performed to boost the practices of CSR in the current domain with the support of legal methods, sharing of knowledge and information and by creating a benchmark o towards the environment and society. Montiel (2008) has further asserted that in the recent decades, organizations concentrate on gaining competitive advantages from the initial stage for which they include wide range of uniqueness or innovation to place itself in a higher position. This in turn, created a more complicated market, wherein the CSR have created a sense of uncertainty for the management and a problem for proper identification of the techniques or approaches. Chand, Narwal Rani (2015) also suggested that in todays business domain there has been an emergence of sustainable business practices in which the concept of CSR is connected with ethical behavior of an organization towards a society. Apart from this, the perspective presented by Smith (2011) suggests that CSR can be considered as a system that helps in channelizing the wealth of an organization with the benefit of the stakeholders, which clearly indicates the significance to balance between the practices of ethics and sustainable management. Current Discoveries Enhancement of social responsibility practices helps the organizations in promoting the brand image and increases the consumers propensity of consumption regarding that brand. In this regard, the brand Wal-Mart can be highlighted, which has become a subject of criticism due to increasing negative effect on the environment for its business operations. At the present scenario, organizations also communicate regarding their social responsibilities and performed activities to the customers through several marketing programs as it creates a positive brand image and enhance the sales, growth and profitability (Ganesan, George, Jap, Palmatier Weitz, 2009). Sterling (2012), mentioned that the CSR is based on an international view, social connection logic and a sense of shared responsibility through which it focuses on the needs of development in the working environment. From the current business domain, Frynas (2014) suggested that the organizations nowadays have taken initiatives on reducing the poverty and health related issues at the international level through CSR activities. This will increase the role of private companies in promoting the success of international welfare programs such as the United Nations (UN) Millennium Development Goals (MDG). UN in 2005 had pledged to all the corporate houses to contribute 0.7% of their profit before tax in helping the victims of HIV/ AIDS in Africa. In this regard, Kraus Brtitzelmaier (2012) affirmed that various stakeholders present in the external and internal environment of a business should be treated in an ethical manner by the society. From this perspective, it can therefore be asserted that the CSR activities aim to increase the living standard of people along with enhancement of the overall profit. Kolk (2010) stated that though the concept of CSR originated previously, the actual implementation or utilization of the concept is evident in the current domain to gain competitive advantages in the international market. Netaji Amran (2009) further added that globalization has emerged the need of making changes in the CSR activities and adopting the concept more effectively by increasing their responsibility towards the society and the environment. Recently, the European Union has decided to elaborate the CSR by stating that the way in which organizations contribute in the development of the society and the environment is defined as CSR. Zollo, Minoja, Casanova, Hockerts, Neergard, Schneider Tencati (2009) stated that the managers currently are focusing to incorporate CSR, but they hardly gain the expected outcome on these efforts. Apart from all these factors, Mahlouji Anaraki (2009) also added that the present theories of CSR are inefficient in promoting innovations for entrepreneurs. This has prioritized to include a balance between CSR and social responsible innovation (SRI). There has been an argument that organizations, that still not consider innovations or adopt approaches to enhance their CSR activities, are supposed to experience failure in future. With the advancement of technologies, innovations have become the most crucial aspect that increased several ways in the field of social responsibilities, so that the CSR can be executed in more efficient manner. Frynas (2008) argued the fact by affirming that though CSR is claimed to make contributions at the international level, there are certain drawbacks such as lack of empirical evidence of the concept, which can reduce its effectiveness while implementing the same. The previously conducted studies on the benefits of CSR are based on certain case studies, which might reduce the effectiveness of the study outcome as it should focus on a macro-level by considering the pros and cons of CSR. Markey (2016) argued that CSR include certain limitations, as it leads to neglect the efficient corporate governance that already exists in the company policies. The organizations already have ethical and legal consideration into practice, but the philosophy of CSR neglects these factors and propounds to create new ethical code of conduct as well. Principal Questions Asked Based on the understanding obtained from the above section, several factors still need to elaborate on the basis of the current domain. In the recent decades, the domain has drastically been changed and continues to shift in terms of CSR approaches. In this regard, the main questions raised on the need of CSR are the factors that influence the companies to follow CSR activities along with its benefits, derived by undertaking CSR activities. In addition to this, it is also in doubt whether companies have successfully incorporated the CSR activities in achieving a sustainable position in the market. Several studies have been concentrated on the approaches of CSR activities and the changes evident in the setting, but there still lack evidences on the priorities of the organization in current market on the basis of the initiatives of the entire market. Apart from this, analysis on the limitations of CSR is considered to be another major area to concentrate. Conclusion Drawn The organizations must performed in an ethical manner to gain competitive advantages as well as concentrate on the society in which they ensure comparatively lesser negative impact on the environment due to their business operations. Customers nowadays mostly prefer the brands that are associated with effective CSR activities. Thus, CSR is an essential medium to create a positive brand image that further helps in increasing the profitability and enhancing growth. Huge numbers of scholars have focused on the need to bring integration between the SRI and CSR. However, the concept of CSR still lacks empirical evidence for both success of the companies and impact of CSR in this success (Markley, 2016). Application to Organization CSR is applicable to all kind of organizations including the SMEs. Nowadays, organizations have included an individual department for CSR to monitor the activities and work on the responsibilities and environmental concerns. Through these activities, the organizations can increase the profit and growth properly. Conclusion Agreements and Disagreements CSR is defined as the social performance, corporate citizenship and corporate conscience that performed by the organizations in enhancing own brand image amid the stakeholders and developing steady growth. The application of CRM strategies varies on the basis of different regions, ethical considerations and governance. There are certain studies that argued that effective CSR activities can be incorporated by creating a benchmark. Based on the current market requirements, the society now expects more benefits or innovation for the community development, which in turn converted the CSR in a matter of brand image in the market. Contextually, CSR helps in increasing the profit and growth, as consumers prefers renowned brands for their social duties. In this regard it is observed that the objective of CSR is not only concerned with the betterment of the society, but also with the development of working environment. The social responsibilities approach is one such aspect that helps to solve the issues of water scarcity, obesity, shortage of resources and violation of human rights, wherein in the present context, focus is provided on bringing an integration between CSR and SRI. On the other hand, certain scholars however, have criticized the CSR due to certain factors, as there are no empirical evidences to prove that CSR directly provide benefits to the organizations and the society both at the same time. Summary of Conclusion CSR seems to be inevitable for the organizations that majorly concentrate on fulfilling the responsibilities for the society and the environment. CSR activities are beneficial for both organizations and community through which organizations return a part of profit for the development of stakeholders. Summary of Applicability of CSR to Organization In the present context, CSR is now applicable to all organizations despite their size or target arena based on which it intends to perform in an ethical manner for the betterment of society. References Aldama, P, L, R, Amar, A P Trostianki, W. D 2009, Embedding corporate responsibility through effective organizational structures, Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society,vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 506-516. Chand, S, Narwal, K Rani, S 2015, The relationship between corporate social responsibility and sustainable development, International Research Journal of Commerce and Law, vol. 2, no.1. pp. 18-28. Fontaine, M 2013, Corporate social responsibility and sustainability: the new bottom line?,International Journal of Business and Social Science,vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 110-119. Frynas, J, G 2008, Corporate social responsibility and international development: critical assessment, Corporate Governance: an International Review, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 274-281. Ganesan, S, George, M, Jap, S, Palmatier, R, W Weitz, B 2009, Supply chain management and retailer performance: emerging trends, issues, and implications for research and practice, Journal of Retailing, vol. 85, no. 1, pp. 84-94. Kolk, A 2010, Multinationals and corporate social responsibility, Politeia, vol. 26, no. 98, pp. 138-152. Kraus, P Brtitzelmaier, B 2012, A literature review on corporate social responsibility: definitions, theories and recent empirical research, International Journal of Management Cases, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 282-296. Mahlouji, H Anaraki, N, K 2009, Corporate social responsibility towards social responsible innovation: a dynamic capability approach, International Review of Business Research Papers, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 185-194. Markley, A, W 2016, The Limits of Corporate Social Responsibility, Grove City College, pp. 1-25. Matten, D Moon, J 2008, Implicit and explicit CSR: a conceptual framework for a comparative understanding of corporate social responsibility, Academy of Management Review, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 404-424. Montiel, I 2008, Corporate social responsibility and corporate sustainability separate pasts, common futures, Organization Environment, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 245-269. Nejati, M Amran, A 2009, Corporate social responsibility and SMEs: exploratory study on motivations from a Malaysian perspective, Business Strategy Series, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 259-265. Runhaar, H Lafferty, H 2009, Governing corporate social responsibility: an assessment of the contribution of the UN Global Compact to CSR strategies in the telecommunications industry, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 84, no. 4, pp. 479-495. Smith, R, E 2011, Defining corporate social responsibility: A systems approach for socially responsible capitalism, University of Pennsylvania, pp. 1-80. Strand, R 2013, The chief officer of corporate social responsibility: A study of its presence in top management teams, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 112, no. 4, pp. 721-734. Zollo, M, Minoja, M, Casanova, L, Hockerts, K, Neergard, P, Schneider, S Tencati, A 2009, Towards an internal change management perspective of CSR: Evidence from project response on the sources of cognitive alignment between managers and their stakeholders, and their implications for social performance, The International Journal of business in Society, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 355-372.

Two Theories Relating to Disorderly Behaviour free essay sample

Those theories also show different scientific approaches to explain social disorder, using different ways of demonstrating evidence like case studies and longitudinal studies. Common fear or panic about breaking order is often associated with the argument, that the past was more ordered and secure (Pearson, 1983) and present social disorder has to be treated with appropriate, preventive measures. Yet, there is vibrant discussion about the future exchange of ASBOs with more supportive, rehabilitative ways of dealing with antisocial behaviour (May, 2010). This essay tried to demonstrate that social order and disorder are not straightforward terms, but socially constructed and contested over times and places (Kelly,Toynbee, 2009). Even in current UK society there are many, competing views about social disorder and appropriate measures, like the discussion about the purpose and sense of ASBOs. One main focus of this essay is the finding, how much social groups with power and authority can shape our comprehension of what is orderly or disorderly. We will write a custom essay sample on Two Theories Relating to Disorderly Behaviour or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The importance of social order for social living encouraged scientific studies and the development of various arguments about social order, like the above mentioned theories of folk devils and moral panic and the media effects approach. In the author? s opinion, although both presented theories have advantages and disadvantages, in conclusion they rightly acknowledge the important, influencing and mediating role of the media in nowadays social life.

Paper on WWII essays

Paper on WWII essays In A Bridge to Far the Allies try to end World War II by dropping soldiers behind enemy lines and cut off supply lines. The movie goes into great detail of the confusion and power struggles amongst the leaders of the allies. In 1944, the German armies were being pushed back across the Low Countries. The Allies' great strategic problem was the Rhine, the wide river which formed Germany's western border. A daring plan was conceived which would overcome the Rhine obstacle and open the road to Berlin. Market Garden, as the plan was codenamed, involved parachuting spearhead units onto the great bridges over the Rhine and securing them for the critical few hours it would take for an armored column to drive up and relieve them. It is easy now to point to the flaws in Market Garden, but at the time it looked like a daring and viable alternative to slogging it out against the Siegfried Line. No-one had anticipated that the Dutch people would pour out onto the streets in throngs, thinking th at they had been liberated, and thus slowing down the armor. The intelligence indications of heavily-equipped German units in the zone were ignored because they were inconvenient and from outside the intelligence community. Critically, the plan allowed for only one single road to be available to the Irish Guards for the key northward push. The film illustrates very effectively the way in which a plan can develop its own momentum, regardless of the shortcomings which riddle it. The sequence of the boarding and dropping of the paratroops is an excellent scene, as is the German ambush which delays the progress of the armored column. A Bridge to Far was an excellent display of what happened with the plan itself, but it also went into great detail of the behind the scenes actions of the leaders, giving the viewer a better concept of the power ladder for the allies. The historical quality of the movie appears to be very genuine, from the armor ...

Humbug Definition

Humbug Definition Humbug was a word used the 19th century to mean a trick played upon unsuspecting people. The word lives on in the English language today thanks largely to two notable figures, Charles Dickens and Phineas T. Barnum. Dickens famously made â€Å"Bah, humbug!† the trademark phrase of an unforgettable character, Ebenezer Scrooge. And the great showman Barnum took delight in being known as the â€Å"Prince of Humbugs.† Barnum’s fondness for the word indicates an important characteristic of humbug. It isn’t just that a humbug is something false or deceptive, it is also, in its purest form, highly entertaining. The numerous hoaxes and exaggerations which Barnum exhibited during his long career were termed humbugs but calling them that indicated a sense of playfulness. Origin of Humbug as a Word The word humbug seems to have been coined sometime in the 1700s. Its roots are obscure, but it caught on as slang among students. The word began appearing in dictionaries, such as in the 1798 edition of A Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue edited by Francis Grose: To Hum, or Humbug. To deceive, to impose on one by some story or device. A humbug; a jocular imposition, or deception. When Noah Webster published his landmark dictionary in 1828, humbug was again defined as an imposition. Humbug as Used by Barnum The popular use of the word in America was largely due to Phineas T. Barnum. Early in his career, when he exhibited obvious frauds such as Joice Heth, a woman said to be 161 years old, he was denounced for perpetrating humbugs. Barnum essentially adopted the term and defiantly chose to consider it a term of affection. He began to call some of his own attractions humbugs, and the public took it as good-natured kidding. It should be noted that Barnum despised people like con men or snake oil salesmen who actively cheated the public. He eventually wrote a book titled The Humbugs of the World which criticized them. But in his own usage of the term, a humbug was a playful hoax that was highly entertaining. And the public seemed to agree, returning time and again to view whatever humbug Barnum might be exhibiting. Humbug as Used by Dickens In the classic novella, ​A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens, the miserly character Ebenezer Scrooge uttered â€Å"Bah, humbug!† when reminded of Christmas. To Scrooge, the word meant a folly, something too silly for him to spend time on. In the course of the story, however, Scrooge receives visits from the ghosts of Christmas, learns the true meaning of the holiday, and ceases to regard celebrations of Christmas as humbug.

IT Strategy to open a new office store in Rio de Janeiro Essay

IT Strategy to open a new office store in Rio de Janeiro - Essay Example It aims to continue expanding its market from its regional Headquarters in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This information is the start off point in development of an Information Technology strategy that will enable the company to establish and operate at the regional office in Brazil. The technology strategy is a framework that helps in managing technology oriented businesses like Apple Inc. The Brazilian economy is reputed for better performances than that of other economies in the South American Countries. The economic stability of the country is improving in all aspects, having grown at the rate of 7.5% in 2010 (Baer 76). There is more investor confidence in the country and the sector of technology which fall under communication is also developing. The choice of Rio de Janeiro is attributed to the growth in the country economy and thus a growing market for Apples products. Rio is the second largest city in Brazil and it’s the capital of Brazil. With its population and its economi c viability, it is a perfect location for the new regional headquarters. The company’s customers will include the students, professionals and companies who are many in the country of Brazil. The country is also said to receive many visitors which will also ensure the company’s product has a larger market (Baer 78). ... It will conduct consumer education on its product on behalf of Apple in Brazil. It will also give the company, the feedback on its products and the market trends. The office will conduct research on the market in Brazil and provide a feedback to the main office. It will monitor the trends and respond accordingly when necessary. The regional office will work together with the management of the headquarters to discuss on how to improve the products with the results of the research conducted in the specific country. The regional office will also be charged with the responsibility of finding employees of the company The company’s mission, vision statement will also be in line with the company’s interest. It will also find ways to deal with the competitors in this specific market. The mission will be in line with the headquarters mission so as to ensure the retention of brand uniformity and identity. The mission statement will be to take innovation to a level that will incre ase the performance of human resource to improve on the system and structure stability. This particular mission statement is derived from the main mission statement mentioned in the company’s main office. The mission statement should be followed and executed to ensure the success of the company being developed. The regional office should also be reflected in the regional office in full. The vision statement refers to the aims of a company. It summarizes the goals of a company and it forms the basis of the establishment of the company and its continuity (Lynch 372). It is an illustration of the company’s commitment to provision of better products and services. The vision and mission statement shows the direction the company wants to take. By

Network Gaming essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Network Gaming - Essay Example Likewise, after a stressful day, anyone can connect to the online gaming network to release stress and get entertained. The infrastructure provides a collaborative interface that connects one or more participants. As the Internet users are increasing, online gaming industry is also gaining popularity. In 2004, multi-player online games generated billions of revenue. A report related to online games was published in 2004. It demonstrated that 300 online games development companies have produced 175 online games, having 20 million players. Moreover, the report also illustrated that only a single online game named as â€Å"World of Warcraft† has generated $700 million via monthly subscription fee with 4 million subscribers around the world (Yeung, John Lui 2008). Massively Multiuser Online Game (MMOG) or massively multiplayer online (MMO) is an online computer played by many people on the Internet. Likewise, MMOG differs from traditional online games due to its everlasting enviro nment. Anyone can join in between the game and at anytime (Mmog. 2011). There is no limit, as thousands of people can connect to MMOG’s. Popularity of MMOG has attracted attention of console video games, software engineers, researchers, organizations and media (Putzke, Fischbach et al. 2010). The hardware architecture of MMOG is partitioned via different hosed game servers. These servers store different worlds that are divided in many portions. The players are charged with a monthly subscription fee for unlimited gaming, as each game is connected with hundreds or thousands of players. Some of the games based on MMOG are Star wars, Everquest and lineage (, IBM Research - Online Games Research). However, other online games are also available. For instance, games based on First-person Shooter (FPS) or Server-based Games, low latency action games, online console action games, peer-to-peer games, mobile games etc. There is a limited amount of research that is conducted for network gaming and MMOG (, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. - CyberPsychology & Behavior - 6(1):81). Likewise, research shows different approaches to protect MMOG and online gaming from security threats. For instance, any user can hack the gaming network to crash the server or use fake subscriptions credentials. This paper will highlight research and study in the context of network gaming and MMOG. Justifying Lags Although the portions of an online multi player game are hosted in different servers, there are still issues related to inconsistency of game play and experience. As thousands of players are connected from all around the world, a mechanism is required for a smooth multi player online game play experience. A research was conducted to overcome this issue. A proposed framework was implemented in order to analyze and control the hot spot region. Three contributors that were implemented in this study are (Zheng Da 2009) : Analytical model is presented for abstracting the operations from an asso ciated point-to-point multi player online gaming platform. Likewise, the model was presented to quantify delays and analyze inconsistency (Zheng Da 2009) A definition for the concept of consistency was proposed altogether with inconsistency rates in the context of computing and distinctiveness along with activities of the player. By concluding from the numeric results in conjunction with the models, the researchers proved that if the system becomes slow for a longer period,

The Perfect Copy (Unraveling the Cloning Debate) by Nicholas Agar Essay Example for Free

The Perfect Copy (Unraveling the Cloning Debate) by Nicholas Agar Essay Nicholas Agar is a professor of ethics and a senior lecturer at Victoria University of Wellington (VUW). Agar has an MA from VUW and a PhD from the Australian National University. He has been teaching at VUW since 1996. He has been known as an expert writer particularly in the field of genetics and ethics. In his book The Perfect Copy: Unraveling The Cloning Debate, he attempts to unravels the science and the ethics of cloning and proposes ideas on how we should face this highly controversial topic.   To clone or not to clone, that is the question that is in the center of one of the most controversial debates within the scientific community today. The present technology today has given our imagination an opportunity to deal with the perils and possibilities of cloning. Even Hollywood has ridden the cloning bandwagon and has turned out many films which exploit the topic.   Although these films are a departure to what is possible, they still manage to pique our imagination and implant in us false notions and promises. These past few years, with the advances made in regards to cloning, the ethics of this act has become a great issue. Both sides present valid reasons to defend their claim. The debate over the morality of cloning human beings becomes a debate over contrasting images of cloning. The method of moral consistency may not give us a simple permitted or not permitted answer. The reason is that no single familiar practice will resemble cloning in every morally interesting respect. In all likelihood, we will end up constructing a moral image of cloning out of a variety of familiar activities and practices. It is often pointed out that cloning differs from the natural sexual way of having children. Some say that this unnaturalness alone suffices to make cloning wrong. A solid rebuttal to this is that things deemed unnatural but have received no objection like insulin shots, airplanes, and life saving medicine are a integral part of mainstream society. If you would follow the unnatural proposal, these things must also be unallowed. The main concern in ethics is the unease which people have regarding cloning. This instinctive revulsion is said to be due to ingrained wisdom or to an upset stomache. Agar argues that if this was the basis to oppose cloning, then it is very unscientific and flimsy. Moral progress is all about subjecting sub-rational moral urges and aversions to rational scrutiny. The word clone obtains it etymological origin from the greek word klon meaning branch. Clones are copies of organisms currently or previously existing with the exact same nuclear DNA. They do not result from a sexually beginning and thus are not genetically different from their parent organism. In our world, clones are the rule rather than the exception. Most low level organisms like algae, bacteria, lower vertebrates, and plants use cloning as a means to ensure their reproductive survival. The case of twins is a clear example of cloning which occurs in nature, even among human beings. Twins come from one egg that divides into two. There is cloning from the moment when multiplication begins to produce two genetically identical children. Cloning ensures that the exact genetic code of the parent is passed on as opposed to sex where only half of each parent is transmitted. This makes cloning more efficient in ensuring the survival of a genetically fit species. One technology that has been used to create clones is reproductive cloning. An example of this is Dolly, the first ever cloned sheep. Dolly was cloned using the process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).   A reconstructed egg which derives its genetic material from an adult donor is electrified or treated chemically. The resulting cloned embryo is then implanted unto the uterus of a female host. It is relevant to point out that clones produced by using nuclear transfer technology are not a truly identical clone of the parent animal. This is because nuclear DNA composes only 99.7% of the actual heritable data. The rest are found in genes located in the mitochondria. There are numerous barriers in cloning humans. Aside from the legal and social issues still currently being debated, cloning with today’s technology is also very inefficient and dangerous. Cloning technology today is highly expensive. Also the success rate is dismal with only less than 10% of cloning attempts achieving success. Also, clones have relatively poor health, and are susceptible to diseases, tumors and other illnesses. And clones like the first cloned sheep of Australia have been known to die without known cause. Scientist theorize that these defects are due to errors in the reprogramming process. However there has been several claims by Clonaid and Italian scientists led by Antinori that they are either capable or on the verge of creating human clones. A problem arises in a cloned embryo due to imprinting. It is the marking of the genetic material for the mother and the father so that only one can be utilized. An error in the genetic imprint from a single donor cell may cause some of the developmental abnormalities of cloned embryos. Also it is postulated that clones are unhealthy due to the fact that they have short telomeres. Telomeres act as clocks, directly affecting the cell structure of an organism before they pass away. Due to the process clones have short telomeres, making them sickly and frail. Cloning is deemed wrong for many reasons. First the process results in the death of many embryos, which may constitute murder.   Also cloning is seen as unnatural when they are view in concepts that are taboo to society, like having clones of the dead, the unborn and the dying. This problem comes from an individual’s sense of uniqueness. This can be repudiated by the cases of identical twins. Twins may have identical genetic components but they turn out to be different individuals. Moralists have also a problem that cloning gives us a concept of playing God. Bringing back a dead person or ensuring that a baby will be born as well as extending the life of a dying person is seen to be in the realm of the Almighty. The promise of being able to create an exact replica of a given genetic code has given many opportunities for those incapable of having children. Of primary concern are those who are infertile. Cloning as with artificial insemination and other in vitro techniques provide a way for their aim of having children to come true. Another is the families of those with deceased or dying children. They view cloning as a means to once more experience the love of their child. Also, lesbian couples who wish to have a child look on cloning to fulfill their dream. But it must be noted that were the technology realizable and actual human clones producible, cloning can only go so far. The debate of whether a cloned person still has the same trait and behavior as the original leans in favor of no.   It is vital to note that it is not only the genetic code that forms the person’s identity but that person’s experiences, teachers and influences. The issue regarding human clones is that they are born with a genetic bias of who they are, denying them the open future that is a right to every human being. They may be treated as objects rather than as persons. This underlies the discussion o whether the act is that of making rather that begetting. The problem is will being cloned from the somatic cell of an existing person result in the child being regarded as less of a person whose humanity and dignity would not be fully respected. This points us to the dilemma as to the humanity of clones. And the question is clones less human than we? Are clones of us us in every way, or are they new individuals? One reason to clone humans is for research. The process of therapeutic cloning uses cloned human embryos for research. cloned human beings are not the target of this process but the production of stem cells for research. Any specialized cell in the human body can be derived from stem cells. Stem cells come from five day old eggs..   This act destroys the embryo, raising ethical concerns. Therapeutic cloning has been touted as being able to produce human organs for transplants. Scientists say that for this to be possible, DNA would be obtained from the transplant recipient and injected into a enucleated egg. Stem cells can then be gathered from the egg. These can then be used as a template to produce the specific tissue or organ needed which would be an exact genetic match to the transplant recipient. Because of this fact, it is postulated that the organ will not be rejected by the body during transplant. Another use of therapeutic cloning is the creation of genetically modified pigs which can also be utilized as a source of human organs. The process of xenotranspalntation or the transplanting of animal organs into humans is seen as a medically viable way to accommodate the increasing demand for organs. Pigs are used due to their high rate of reproduction and their being able to be cloned with relative ease. Primates, who are of a much closer genetic match to humans, are more complex and thus much harder to clone. In comparison to other animals, the tissues and organs of pigs are the ones more similar to humans. To be able to achieve this, scientists deactivate the gene in individual pig cells that when detected by the human body, leads to organ rejection. Harvesting of the organs of the resulting clones is then done. Cloning has been seen as an advance in eugenics. Eugenics is the act of manipulating a population to promote one race or type as superior to others with the end goal of ultimately taking over the population. The idea is that people who are exceptional, who are deemed superior to others in one or many fields, must be cloned since they represent the best of the human race. This idea has many ambiguities particularly on the concept of superior and inferior. Although there were some unlikely ideas in the book, like trading gene samples as a commodity, Agar fails to fully express the debate in this topic. What he does show is that eugenics, by using positive methods would be beneficial to the race. And he also shows the impact of being a clone born under a eugenic driven ideal. There are different cases and different problems with cloning as a reproductive tool. Striking the right balance between procreative freedom and childrens welfare in the age of reproductive cloning is likely to require a case-by-case approach. Nevertheless, the transcendental advantage of cloning will be brought about not for simple transplants in mans body to replace his sick organs, but for the complete cloning of the human being to eventually achieve the immortality of the individual. Man will no longer change the parts of a body damaged to a greater or less degree, but he will leave the old body and change to a new one, which will be also improved by genetic engineering. Thus, the long-sought-after immortality, which man has always desired with all his being, will be achieved. It has been repeated insistently that the human being has a right to life. To ban cloning, then, would be to deny him the right to continue living. If clones were to be feasible, they would probably suffer. This can be brought upon by errors in their production leading to medical illnesses or to the preconceived notions that surround them. It is stipulated by Agar that the human race may not be ready to incorporate the idea of clones living among us. We simply have too many fears and false notions that inevitably we would end up stigmatizing them. Agar proposes that we get rid of these notions and keep an open and intelligent mind as to what cloning can offer us. We must learn as a society to separate fact from fiction and to rationalize our views about cloning.    References: Alan Man Humanity and the Cloning Question: Comparing and Contrasting Arguments http://www.amsa.org/bio/clone.cfm searched October 21 at using google.com What Are Some Issues In Cloning? http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/cloning/clissues/ searched at Yahoo.com CloningFactSheethttp://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/cloning.shtml searched October 22 using google.com

pitfalls of herbal supplements :: essays research papers

The four billion a year supplement industry sells steroid supplements and herbal speed to millions of teenage boys and girls. There are many types of supplements; among the most popular are Creatine, Andro (androstenedione), and ephedrine. All of these supplements are legal but are they safe? In this paper I will explore why the FDA has failed to put stronger regulations on these supplements, what they are and what they do, who endorses them, and were and how you can purchase these potentially harmful supplements; with the help from Jay McMahan and his expertise as a personal trainer and user of these herbal supplements.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Creatine, Andro, and Ephedrine are among the most popular supplements, but do we know what they are and what they do? Creatine is an amino acid compound naturally produced by the kidneys, liver and pancreas, it helps muscles quickly regenerate after exertion. There are no known harmful side effects, though there is evidence that Creatine can cause dehydration, muscle cramps, weight gain and nausea. The supplement Andro (Androstenedione), is produced naturally in the human body, androstenedione is a precursor hormone for testosterone and estrogen. Its structural similarity to steroids suggests it may pose the same risks (liver damage, heart disease, low sperm counts, development of breasts and violent mood swings), though there have been no long-term studies. The stimulant Ephedrine from ma huang or ephedra, a plant used to treat asthma, fevers, and body and joint pain. Though widely available it has been banned from the NFL, the NCAA and the IOC, and the FDA repor ted anecdotal evidence linking it to eighty-one deaths since 1994.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  You don’t need a dealer or even an ID card to buy these herbal supplements. All teenagers have to do is go to their local mall and purchase it from GNC (General Nutrition Center). Clerks sell these potentially harmful supplements to any one regardless of their age. It seems that they are even marketing towards kids with products such as Creatine Candy and smoothies in a variety of fruit flavors and loaded with the supplement of their choice. Why hasn’t the Food and Drug Administration put stronger regulations on the purchasing of these supplements? For the ease with which supplements can be gotten we can thank Republican Senator Orrin Hatch of Utah. Ten years ago the sport supplement industry was reeling from a string of disasters. The Food and Drug Administrarion began petitioning congress the right to treat supplements like the drugs most scientists say they are and subject them to long, costly such as pharmaceuticals get before they can go to the market.

The Portryal of Women

This also includes any female emotions they might encounter such as pain, sorrow and frustration leading them to surrender. In Exile of the Son's of Gillis, Dermis's destiny was already determined while she was in the womb. She was raised apart from everyone else and isolated from the world. After she was born all of her power was taken in the hands of society. She was fully under the control of Connector, as he announced â€Å"This Woman I'll keep to myself'(131). As only being seen as an object the types of men she was Introduced to would never eve her, but would take control of her and battle for her ownership.The full year she was taken under Schooner's control she never gave one smile, she had no strength to eat or sleep, or even Lift her head from her knees. At this time, Dredger was taken full advantage of the most by being degraded and raped repetitively by Connector and Eagan. Despite the men that Derider has been through, no one captured her feelings as much as Noises. Thi s is where Derider had taken it upon herself to have Noises convince Connector allow them to escape together.Since Cinchonas made no exceptions, Derider urged Noises to return home where she would remain unprotected. In order for this physical and mental pain she was experiencing to stop, she was left nothing more but to kill herself. One of her last words spoken was, â€Å"Break my heart no more today, In a short while I'll be no more, Grief is heavier than the sea, If you were but wise, Connector†(136). Due to not having any control In this situation she rebelled against them proving her ultimate power over her body, mind and spilt.When Dredger committed seclude, she knew that by taking her own life she would never be dominated by Connector and Eagan, the two men she hated the most. Similar themes are encountered in The Wife's Lament. The main character is also feeling the same emotions as Derider in the Exile of the Sons of Gillis. In the beginning, this poem it describes the wife's resentment she has towards her husband who left her feeling empty and alone in the world. This can be compared to Derider were both of these women do not know how to react to their different tuitions or able to move on from it.Also, they both are longing for a love that they will never have. Since her life was revolved around the well being of her Lord, once he is gone she feels helpless in this unfamiliar and hostile world. Her misery Is expressed when she recites, â€Å"There I weep my exile, the many burdens. Therefore I can never set my cares at rest, nor still all this life's longing, which Is my lot†(1 14). This quote overlooks all her sorrows being left In the dark and deserted, that she will never overcome her suffering pain of separation.She was left with no control under ten solution Ana let to accept near loneliness. Her last tongue was auto near husband and convinced herself that he too was suffering. â€Å"Whether my friend has all the world's Joy his bidding or whether, outlawed from his homeland, he sits covered with storm frost beneath a rocky cliff – my weary – minded friend, drenched in some dreary hall – he suffers great anguish†(114). Overall, this poem is mainly focuses on the speaker's grief suffering through her state of hopelessness.Today, women are till experiencing the issues of degrading and being looked at as an object. Each of the women in The Exile of the Son's of Gillis and The Wife's Lament showing the corruption that degrading had caused. This is where they both took action and tried to escape their feeling of constant misery. They had no control or power in any situations leading them to their feelings of pain, sorrow and frustration. Leading us to have higher hopes for the future that will always be taken into consideration in positions of leadership and appreciated for what they stand for.

It Is Difficult to Remain a Strong Sense of Identity in Our Society

English Speech Hi I'm Maddy and I'm here today to explain why I think that it IS difficult to maintain a strong sense of individual identity in our society. It’s quite often very difficult to maintain a strong sense of your individual identity in this society, it’s a natural instinct for most people to want to feel acceptance into society. We all feel the need to change and leave the parts of us that make us who we are to conform to people’s expectations. Society has become a crucial influence on who we are and how we are perceived.We can never truly be our selves because of the constant fear criticism and judgement that comes with it. Everyone has something about them that makes them who they are but they feel they need to hide it from people because they fear of rejection and embarrassment. This fear can sometimes make us change how we act around certain people and we can end up forgetting who we are. In the book growing up Asian in Australia there is a story i n there about a young boy named Sunil. He tried to change his to Neil because it’s a more westernized name and he thinks it would make him fit in better.This is not the case. Changing your name won’t change who you are as a person and personally I actually like the name Sunil better than Neil anyway. Sure changing your name might stop some of the teasing but sooner or later you will realise that you don’t have to change who you are to gain friends. As Gandhi once said â€Å"The best way to find yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others. † I think this relates to Sunil’s’ story because he ends up realising that he doesn’t need to change his name to be accepted.In the song ‘This is who I am† by Vanessa Amorosi it says â€Å"Well it's alright to be myself Now I've Learned To Stand, Well it’s OK to be just who I am I've spent years really hating me longing to be friends Now I hope that you can understand, t his Is Who I Am†. I think these lyrics are really powerful and help explain the topic that I’ve chosen to talk about. She explains that it took her years to realise who she was and that she was now okay to show everyone who she really is. I know from personal experience how hard it is to be yourself in this world.We get judged on every little thing we do, how we dress, what we say, how we present ourselves; absolutely everything. Sometimes we speak differently or dress differently to impress the people that shouldn’t matter to us, because if we have to spend hours in front of the mirror trying to change our appearance and who we usually are then these people aren’t worth our time. It’s so common in this day and age to marry someone for their looks or their wealth when really that shouldn’t matter. They should fall in love with their personality, that’s what matters the most.I think this is what makes us confused about who we are becaus e we change so often around different people that it’s so hard to maintain our own identity. This isn’t always a bad thing; sometimes losing our identity is actually good for us. It can make us open our eyes and see who our true friends are. It can make you see things from a different perspective and make you realise that life’s not about trying to impress people, it’s about accepting yourself and being whoever you want to be. In conclusion I believe that it IS hard to maintain our identity with today’s society but when we learn to accept ourselves, hopefully others will too.

Essay on Developmental and Social psychology The WritePass Journal

Essay on Developmental and Social psychologyï » ¿ Patch 1 Essay on Developmental and Social psychologyï » ¿ , p. 202). In effect, this theory demonstrates that children’s personalities develop from challenges which are not immediately understood. Hence, Piaget believed that imbalances exist between children’s modes of thinking and environment events which â€Å"prompt them to make mental adjustments that enable them to cope with puzzling new experiences and thereby restore cognitive equilibrium† (Kipp and Shaffer, 2012, p. 202). Cognitive theorists thereby argue that children simply adapt to the environment through their own cognitive abilities which ultimately shapes their personality. Conclusion Overall, there are clearly different views as to how an individual’s personality is shaped and although many argue that it is inherited, others disagree and believe that it is acquired from societal influences. Arguably, after reviewing both the cognitive development theory and the psychoanalytic theory it seems as though personality is in fact a mix of both nature and nurture. This is because, although children do have some traits that are inherited and exist within the unconscious mind, an individual’s thought process does actually develop from adaption. Accordingly, children are thus prompted to make mental adjustments that enable them to cope with puzzling experiences which widely influences their own personality. Patch 2 Social Psychology Introduction Social influence happens when an individual’s behaviour is affected by external factors such as conformity, compliance and obedience, bystander intervention, social loathing and social facilitating. Morton Deutsch and Harold Gerald (1955, p. 629) thus made it clear that social influence is the result of two psychological needs; informational social influence and normative social influence which are the need to be right and the need to be liked. Arguably, social influence thereby refers to the effect in which individuals have upon one another and can happen intentionally or unintentionally as a result of the way in which the person who has been influenced perceives themselves (Changing Minds, 2002, p. 1). Concepts of Social Influence Conformity, compliance and obedience are the three main areas of social influence and often occur simultaneously. This is because, â€Å"those that conform tend to be obedient and compliant† (Constable et al, 2002, p. 1).   Nevertheless, whilst conformity refers to the changes an individual makes so that they can be more like others, compliance relates to the changes an individual makes as a result of being asked. Furthermore, obedience refers to the process of obeying an order that has been made and often means that the individual has no choice but to make the changes unlike the former two social influences where the individual does have a choice. Coercion is the strongest form of social influences, nonetheless, since this forces and individual to change their behaviour even though they are reluctant to do so. Coercion is thereby the least common form of social influence since real feelings may not actually be changed. Hence, where social influence occurs voluntarily, it is evident that the individual will have made the changes themselves and therefore changes the way they feel about a particular situation. This was recognised by Rashotte who pointed out that; â€Å"social influence is the process by which individuals make real changes to their feelings and behaviours as a result of interaction with others who are perceived to be similar, desirable or expert.† In effect, Rashotte (1999, p. 4426) does not believe that social influences also consists of compliance and obedience because of the fact that individuals do not have a choice but to make the changes required from them. Because of this, it is unlikely that the feelings of an individual will actually be changed if they have been forced to make the transformation. It is questionable whether these views are accurate, nonetheless, since it has been put by Perloff (2012, p. 18); â€Å"social influence – coercion and persuasion – exerts powerful, not always positive, effects on human behaviour.† Therefore, even if the social influence has resulted involuntary, this does not indicate that social influence has not taken place. Instead, a more powerful form of change has been exerted which has had a significant impact upon human behaviour. Social facilitating is the process whereby individuals improve their behaviours when other people are watching. Therefore, whenever a person is undertaking a task, it is likely that they will do better at that task if other people are watching as they will alter their behaviour so that they can impress the onlookers. This is a mild but common form of social influence and illustrates that people can be affected by the mere presence of others. This can, however, be real, imagined or implied and was first recognised by Norman Triplett in 1898 when he conducted a study on the speed record of cyclists. It was concluded by Triplett that the speed of cyclists was faster when racing against each other than it was when racing against time alone (McLeod, 2011, p. 1). Social facilitating does depend on the individual concerned, nonetheless, because the behaviour will not always be improved and in some cases, the quality of the individuals performance may be impaired (Aiello, 2001, p.   163). Social loafing is similar to social facilitation, yet whilst social facilitation tends to improve an individual’s performance, social loafing tends to slow someone down and prevents them from working as hard. Nevertheless, social loafing does not occur when being watched by others but when working in a group with others since it is felt that many individuals work harder when they are alone than when they are in a group. This is also known as the free-rider theory which means that â€Å"self interested individuals lack incentives to contribute voluntarily to the provision of public goods, or to reveal their true valuations of such goods† (Asch and Gigliotti, 1991, p. 33). An example of social loathing was provided in a study conducted on individuals involved in a tug-of-war game. Here, it was found that â€Å"people playing tug-of-war while blindfolded pulled harder if they thought they were competing alone. When they thought others were on their team, they made less of an effort† (Coon and Mitterer, 2008, p. 541). Perspectives and Methods of Research It is evident that social influence arises because of a number of different influential factors and the only way this can be identified is by undertaking a number of different activities involving humans. This enables a determination to be made as to whether the true feelings of the individuals involved have been influenced. Nevertheless, because of the complex nature scientific studies have, it is questionable whether the thoughts, feelings and behaviours of human beings can be accurately measured through empirical methods of investigation. This is because, it has been argued by Thomas Kuhn (1970, p. 4) that empirical methods of investigation are â€Å"influenced by prior beliefs and experiences.† Essentially, it could therefore be said that the studies conducted would have produced different results if they were undertaken by a different scientist. Conclusion Overall, there are a number of different concepts of social influence which appear to have been proven by empirical methods of investigation. These include conformity, compliance and obedience, bystander intervention, social loathing and social facilitating and can occur voluntary or involuntary. Social influence thus arises as a result of two human needs which are the need to be right and the need to be liked and happen depending upon the ways in which the individual perceives themselves. In proving these different concepts, a number of scientific studies have been carried out which all aim to demonstrate how social influence affects the changes of human behaviour. Nevertheless, although these methods have proven workable in explaining human behaviour, the accuracy of these methods has been questioned. This is because; it is believed that different outcomes would be produced if a different person conducted the studies since past experiences and current knowledge are said to widely i nfluence the tests that are being performed. Despite this, it is evident that changes to human behaviour frequently arise which is largely the result of the changes that are being made within society whether they are intentional or unintentional. References Aiello, J. R. (2001). Social Facilitation from Triplett to Electronic. Group Dynamics, Theory, Research and Practice. 5(3). Asch, P. and Gigliotti, G. A. (1991). The Free-Rider Paradox: Theory, Evidence and Teaching. The Journal of Economic Education, 22(1). Bjorklund, D. F. (2011). Children’s Thinking. Wadsworth Publishing Co Inc. 5th Edition. Bouchard, T. J. Lykken, D. T. McGue, M. Segal, N. L. and Tellegen, A. (1990). Sources of Human Psychological Differences: The Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart. Science New Series, 250(4978). Changing Minds. (2002). Social Influence. Retrieved 27 December, 2012, from http://changingminds.org/explanations/theories/social_influence.htm Constable, S. Schuler, Z. Klaber, L. and Rakauskas, M. (1999). Conformity, Compliance and Obedience. Retrieved 27 December, 2012, from units.muohio.edu/psybersite/cults/cco.shtml Coon, D. and Mitterer, J. O. (2008). Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behaviour with Concept Maps and Reviews, Cengage Learning. Crews, F. (1996). The Verdict on Freud. Psychological Science, 7(63). Deutsche, M. and Gerard, H. B. (1955). A Study of Normative and Informational Social Influences upon Individual Judgement. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 51(629). Honderich, T. (1995). The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford University Press. Kipp, K. and Shaffer, D. (2012). Developmental Psychology: Childhood and Adolescence. Wadsworth Publishing Co. 9th Edition. Kuhn, T. (1970). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago University Press. 2nd Edition. Lam, V. O’Donnell, V. L. Gillibrand, R. (2011). Development Psychology. Prentice Hall. 1st Edition. Loehlin, J. C. (1982). John Locke and Behaviour Genetics. Behaviour Genetics, 13(1). McLeod, S. (2007). Nature Nurture in Psychology. Retrieved 27 December, 2012, from simplypsychology.org/naturevsnurture.html McLeod, S. (2011). Social Facilitation. Retrieved 27 December, 2012, from simplypsychology.org/Social-Facilitation.html Perloff, R. M. (2012). The Dynamics of Persuasion: Communication and Attitudes in the Twenty-First Century. Taylor Francis. 4th Edition. Rashotte, L. (1999). Social Influence. Retrieved 27 December, 2012, from www.sociologyencyclopedia.com/fragr_image/media/social Shaffer, D. R. (2009). Social and Personality Development. Cengage Learning, 6th Edition. Stocks, J. L. (1915). Plato and the Tripartite Soul. Mind: A Quarterly Review of Psychology and Philosophy, 24(94). Shuttleworth, M. (2010). Aristotle’s Psychology. Retrieved 26 December, 2012, from http://explorable.com/aristotles-psychology.html Tomasic, T. (2006). Personality: Nature vs. Nurture or Something in Between? Retrieved 27 December, 2012, from http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro06/web1/ttomasic.html

4 Tips for Writing the Perfect University of Washington Essay

4 Tips for Writing the Perfect University of Washington Essay SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The University of Washington is often ranked among public Ivy Leagues- that is, public schools with the academic clout and selectivity to elevate their reputations. So if you want to be a Husky, it’s not just about good grades and test scores. You’ll also need to prove yourself with a good University of Washington essay, combining your technical skill with your knowledge of the school and your reasons for wanting to attend to attract attention from admissions officers. But to do that, you need to know how to write great UW essays. The University of Washington uses the Coalition Application, which can be submitted to multiple schools and includes an essay section with several different prompts. The supplemental UW essay prompts are pretty standard, but we have all the helpful tips you need to make sure your application is set to impress. What's Included in the University of Washington Essay Section? Part of the Coalition app is answering a short essay question with a word count of 500. The University of Washington application also includes an additional required short response question of 300 words and an optional short essay of 200 words. Additional space is available, but it's recommended that you don't take it unless you absolutely need it. Show restraint when responding to UW essay prompts; it shows that you can be concise and follow directions, and you won't run the risk of volunteering too much information or making yourself memorable for the wrong reasons. That said, we'll cover some exceptions below! Set aside plenty of time to write and rewrite your essay. What Is the Short Answer Prompt? Once you've finished the Coalition Application essay, the University of Washington has an additional requirement for you- a short response question with a 300 word limit. UW is careful to say in their guidelines that while the Coalition Application and its supplemental sections have a word count,you should treat that as a maximum. The University of Washington suggests that concise writing is particularly valuable, and recommends that the Coalition Application be between 300 and 400 words rather than 500. Though they don't offer word counts for the other prompts, it's best to assume they're looking for short answers. Cutting out 100 words might feel excessive, but dotry to leave some breathing room within your essay rather than squeaking in right under the allotted 300 words. For the UW essay, there's just one required prompt: Our families and communities often define us and our individual worlds. Community might refer to your cultural group, extended family, religious group, neighborhood or school, sports team or club, co-workers, etc. Describe the world you come from and how you, as a product of it, might add to the diversity of the UW. UW offers a helpful tip right below the prompt: "Keep in mind that the UW strives to create a community of students richly diverse in cultural backgrounds, experiences, values and viewpoints."What this means is that UW wants to see students who are going to be right at home in that diverse student body. When answering this question, consider specifically what you might add to the community. What perspective do you bring? What traits make you a good fit? Some students might struggle with this, because it's easy to assume that UW means they're only looking for students from diverse backgrounds, such as students of color, LGBTQ+ students, or students of other marginalized identities. But the prompt doesn't at all mean that you have no chance if you don't belong to one of those communities. Students who fit into those groups may have an easier time of identifying what diversity they bring to the school, but belonging to a marginalized group doesn't in any way guarantee admission. The University of Washington is looking for students who foster and embrace diversity, so be sure to think on those terms. Consider, for example, how your rambunctious family Thanksgiving taught you to embrace chaos, and how your ability to stop Great Aunt Kathy from throwing mashed potatoes at your cousin for bringing up a sensitive political issue translates to a college campus. Think about how having several different friend groups in high school- nerds and jocks, for example- taught you to move between spaces while always being your authentic self. For students whoare of marginalized backgrounds, the same advice still applies. You likely have different lived experiences than other students, but UW wants to know exactly what you're going to bring to the student community. You can discuss advocacy work, for example, or how your less advantageous upbringing taught you to work hard for everything you want. Always come back to that request to "Describe the world you come from and how you, as a product of it, might add to the diversity of the UW." Embracing diversity isn't just about being a member of a marginalized community; think about how you participate in your social groups and how your experiences before college will help you have and, more importantly,create a good experience for others.Again, it's not about what identity you do or do not have, but rather about how you build communities and support others. UW is a big school, but you'll still be interacting with people from all walks of life on a daily basis- how will you navigate difference and fit into a student body made up of so many different people? Let UW know exactly how they're going to help you make a slam dunk. What Should You Add in the Additional Information Section? The University of Washington essay prompt offers an additional 200 words for you to talk about yourself and your unique circumstances. This section is optional, and UW advises that the following types of students may benefit from taking the opportunity to expand on their application: You are hoping to be placed in a specific major soon A personal or professional goal is particularly important to you You have experienced personal hardships in attaining your education Your activities have been limited because of work or family obligations You have experienced unusual limitations or opportunities unique to the schools you attended Even if you don't fall into one of these groups, it's wise to take advantage of this additional space. Everyone has a goal that's important to them, after all, which is explicitly included in the second bullet point. However, you only have 200 words, so you'll need to make them count. Again, UW mentions earlier in their guidelines for the writing section that they value brevity. Don't try to hit that 200 word mark just because it's there- use only the space that you need. Be succinct and clear about any obstacles you've overcome, what draws you to your major, and what makes you want to attend UW specifically. For example, say you, like many prospective UW students, are interested in becoming a doctor. The University of Washington is highly ranked among medical schools, so saying you want to go there because it's a good medical program isn't doing any legwork in setting you apart from other students. Instead, use this space to talk about why your major is important to you, and why placement at UW is going to help you achieve more. Following the medical school example, maybe your primary care doctor was a UW grad, and the depth of care they gave you convinced you it wasn't just what you know as a doctor that matters, but also how you deploy that knowledge. Because you want to make the same difference in somebody's life, you're applying to UW to have access to the same information and instruction that your doctor did. In essence, use this space to explain something you didn't have space to explain elsewhere, but make it count. Be careful not to retread the same ground! This is an opportunity to flesh out your application, not to hammer something home. If you haven't had a chance to discuss that your grades slipped sophomore year because of a family illness or that your local library has a special box for you because of all the engineering books you keep checking out, now's the time to mention it. Keep it short, direct, and original- the admissions office is reading this supplemental section in the context of your application, so you don't need to revisit anything. Careful not to fall into the trap of using more space than you need. Should You Use the Additional Space? How? It can be tempting to use UW's provided additional space to squeeze a few more words into your application, but resist it. Those word counts are there for a reason, and you should aim to get under, not exceed them. That said, there are legitimate reasons to use this additional space. The University of Washington mentions clarifying answers from elsewhere on the application or providing extra information to the admissions office. If you have special considerations as a student that you want to be sure the office is aware of, but that you didn't discuss in the previous additional information section, you could include that here. You could also include relevant awards or distinguishing recognition you've received. If your high school had an unusual grading system, it might be useful to explain how to interpret your grades. But don't take the lack of a word requirement to mean that you can talk about whatever you want, or that you should use this space to expand on one of your earlier essays. Use only what you need, no more. Try to keep it under 200 words. Brevity is important! Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. Tips and Advice for the University of Washington Essay Specific advice for each prompt will help you craft a better essay, but there are some general things to keep in mind, too! Proofread Your UW Essay It's a small space, so there should be fewer mistakes, right?Nope. You still need to proofread. Consider writing it by hand and then transcribing that draft- it feels like more work, but turning written words into typed words is a great way to spot mistakes. Go through multiple drafts, and read your essay out loud before you submit it. Don't let typos get through; no matter how good the rest of your essay is, a typo will make it look as though you didn't edit it at all, suggesting you didn't take your time. Do everything you can to avoid the perception that you wrote it up without thinking! Get Editing Help Seek feedback from those you trust, not just those who are going to tell you your essay is great. You want your essay to be as good as possible, so let people who are going to be truthful with you make suggestions. They'll help you write a better essay, and a fresh pair of eyes can spot holes in your logic and errors you might miss after repeated revisions. Think about going to teachers or counselors rather than friends or family. Though they undoubtedly want to help you, they might also be worried about hurting your feelings. Someone who's a little more objective but still wants to see you succeed is the kind of editor you want. Be Specific Always remember that you're applying to the University of Washington. Don't just write an essay that could impress any college (that's what the Coalition Application essay is for!); write one that ties into UW's core values. Their vision includes an emphasis on discovery, research, community, optimism, and even celebrating the natural beauty of the Pacific Northwest. All of these are angles ripe for exploration in your essays. If one of your answers is lacking, try folding a little of this vision into it by finding parts of your essay that match the mission and making them stand out more. Read Essays That Got Students Into UW It can be tricky finding essays that got applicants into UW, but it can also be a great indicator of what the school values in an application. Take these essays by Issa Rice. Though written for a different set of prompts, it's not hard to see why Rice was accepted. Notice how his essays could only come from him; they're so tied to personal experience that it's unlikely anyone else would have the same essay. That's the kind of personalization you want to strive for. Your essay should speak about your own unique experience and leave the admissions office with a clearer picture of who you are as a person, not just as a collection of grades and test scores. What's Next? Crafting a perfect essay is just one part of the admissions process to the University of Washington. Because UW is a moderately selective school, you need to be aware of all admissions requirements before applying to be sure that your application is up to snuff. As you're writing and rewriting your UW essay, be sure that it meets all the guidelines of a good college essay in addition to the UW requirements. A little extra polish will go a long way to cementing your application in the admission office's memory! If you're struggling to understand why UW uses the Coalition App and what that means, never fear! We have all the information on what distinguishes one application system from another, helping you plan your college applications with less stress. Want to write the perfect college application essay? Get professional help from PrepScholar. Your dedicated PrepScholar Admissions counselor will craft your perfect college essay, from the ground up. We'll learn your background and interests, brainstorm essay topics, and walk you through the essay drafting process, step-by-step. At the end, you'll have a unique essay that you'll proudly submit to your top choice colleges. Don't leave your college application to chance. Find out more about PrepScholar Admissions now:

Grammatical analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Grammatical analysis - Assignment Example The author of the letter addresses her bank manager with an issue she requires the manager to address as soon as possible. She does this owing to the unique requirements of the bank. Banks always give bank statement only upon request. She therefore uses the letter to request for the bank statements. The format of the text automatically identifies it as an official letter that addresses a specific issue. Furthermore, the author ot the text addresses the issue prudently using the fewest words possible. Such is a requirement in official letters. Official letters must always address a specific issue articulately. The author of the text does this as she addresses the issue to her bank manager before ending the piece. She ensures to include all the details necessary to justify her request for the bank statement. Key among the features of the text is the kind of service she requires from the bank and the urgency with which she requires the bank statements. Such are vital features that enhan ce the process of service delivery. All texts exist in specific genres. The text alongside just as explained earlier is a letter. Letters are pieces of communication that address particular issues to specific audiences. A letter has a definite audience. The letter alongside has a specific audience and addresses specific issue. The author of the letter addresses her bank manager. She explains her predicament to the manager and therefore requests for his help (Bell, 2004, pp123-178). Apparently, the boarder authorities require her bank statement in order for them to process her visa. She therefore writes the letter to the bank manager requesting for the statements. In doing this, she must introduce herself effectively. This validates the bank number she includes in the letter. Such is a vital inclusion since the bank knows her by the number. The genre if an effective way of identifying the text since it enhances the process of analyzing text. Every

Music and Mediation Therapy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Music and Mediation Therapy - Essay Example Therefore, it is much better than medication and needs to be practiced more often. Also, those who regularly meditate report hat they feel happy, fresh, at peace and free. Meditation Therapy for Anxiety and Pain Meditation is said to reduce blood pressure, heart rate and heart rhythm disturbances. This allows for adrenaline levels in blood to go down and this hormone is responsible for mediating emotional arousal in our body. There are two kinds of most basic and common meditation practices: transcendental meditation and mindfulness meditation. In the first process the meditator continuously repeats a single word which is called a mantra and he has to make his feelings and thinking to go away. The second process involves the person focusing all his attention on his thoughts and sensations and this process is normally for stress-reduction. Guided meditation is a kind of meditation using phrases of evocative spoken images which allow the person’s mind to become relaxed. Blue Shi eld insurance company conducted a research and their findings suggested that the surgery patients who listened to a guided meditation prior to surgery had a better recovery, was more cost efficient and they felt an improved sense of healing (Weiss, 2008). Another report, by the University of Massachusetts Stress Reduction Clinic showed a reduction in chronic pain by average 50%. In fact, the follow up studies reported that this pain reduction lasted for more than a year. Such effects result because meditation promotes the positive sites of the mind which include compassion, sympathy, big-heartedness, love, endurance and forbearance; therefore, allowing the... Based on this research it is recommended that non-pharmacological methods should be used for any purpose till they prove to be useful. Similar is the case with patents having to cope with surgical procedures. The pre-surgery anxiety and the post-operative pain that they have to experience may be overcome by music and meditation as it reduces stress anxiety and pain. Besides, such therapies are better for the patient since they have no side effects neither do they carry any risks of using them. Meditation is a state of awareness of the present without thinking. When we are normally thinking we usually replay or regret the past or worry about the future. However, during meditation such is not the case and during this process the person is only focusing on the present moment. Therefore, the person is just thinking about the wonders he has as of that very moment and thus there is no interference. When one is meditating he is not doing or thinking anything; he is just being. Pain therapy is not an alternative to the pain medications. Rather it is to be used as an adjuvant to the existing medications where either the efficiency of such medication is increased many fold by using music or the side effect profile is improved by lowering the dosages given. Although relaxation exercises are another means through which a patient can be relaxed music works better as it has more advantages. Music motivates a person and improves his mood and allows for the promotion of relaxing feelings.

THE FIELD OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

THE FIELD OF CIVIL ENGINEERING - Term Paper Example In this respect, some of the main constructions that civil engineers deal with include buildings, dams, roads, bridges, shipping canals and airport runways just to mention a few. History and Major Civil Engineering Projects The history of civil engineering and its close relative, architecture, can be traced to the construction of the Egyptian pyramids between 2700 and 2500 BC. Other ancient constructions include the Parthenon, the Appian Way, and China’s great wall. Mordern day contributions of the discipline include the world’s tallest building (Burj Khalifa), the Clifton Suspension Bridge, the Dynamic Tower and Empire State Building in the US. Training and Qualification Civil engineers normally go through intensive training in order to be equipped with valuable skills and practical knowledge of how to accomplish various tasks and solve specific problems. Training of civil engineers involves learning of English (language), mathematics, social studies, history, physics, chemistry and drawing and design. There are different alternative routes that one may follow to achieve formal recognition as a civil engineer. An individual may take a diploma in the course and later proceed to get a degree. Alternatively, one may study for a degree in the field directly.

Porters value chain

Porters value chain RUNNNING HEAD: PORTERS VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS Porters Value Chain and Information System [Name of the Writer] [Name of the Institution] Porters Value Chain and Information System Introduction The person most accredited for mounting and articulating the value chain thought is Michael Porter in his 1985 book, Competitive advantage. He offers viewing a firm as a sequential procedure of value-creating actions as a means of a influential conceptual tool for thoughtful the building slabs of competitive advantage. What is a value chain? The value chain shows the full variety of activities that are nedded to bring a product or organization from conception, throughout the intermediary stages of production (involving a grouping of physical change and the effort of various manufacturer services), rescue to final consumers, and final removal after use. (Porter, 1985) The Michael Porter value chain structure has two parts. The first part holds five primary processes: Inbound Logistics (warehousing, receiving and inventory management of raw materials and mechanism); Operations (value-creating actions that change raw materials and parts into finished salable yields); Outbound Logistics (warehousing, order fulfillment, transportation); Sales Marketing (channel assortment, pricing, advertising, sales); Service (customer care, repair, etc.). The second part holds four support type methods: Firm transportation (management, finance, quality, legal); Procurement (acquirement); Human Resources (enlisting, development, reimbursement); Technology Expansion (research and growth, process mechanization, and other technology progress). (Porter, 1985) The five forces analysis is intended to help corporations understand how gainful an industry is and also what they can do to alleviate unenthusiastic forces and thereby improve productivity. Considering the five forces model, we can create to see how this links to the generic approaches. Value chain analysis This needs an ability to resolve the value the firm is demanding to create. Value in this logic is simply the reason why customers favor one companys product over that of its opponent ie, the additional value they recieve from the companys product. This value should logically effect from either a lower cost or extra profits for which they are equipped to pay more. Using our investigation so far, they acquire from cost influential or differentiators. We can use value chain study to ensure that all actions in the firm are in procession with its search of this value. (Tsoukas, 2002 p. 567-582) A firm follow a cost leadership strategy would initiate suitable activities throughout its value chain, as would a company pursuing separation. So, to gain a competitive advantage, a company must follow either cost leadership or demarcation, along with a suitable degree of focus. It can after that use a five forces analysis to charge how this strategy may succeed and productivity might be enhanced. Value chain analysis canister help to recognize and create actions that support the selected generic strategy Some economists assert that the breaches of trust (e.g., at Enron, ImClone, WorldCom, and Global Crossing) that resulted in passage of the Sarbannes-Oxley Act (SOX)were all crimes of information partly involving an unsupervised expert. While Boards will continue to rely on experts such as the CIO for advice, the responsibility remains theirs. (Tsoukas, 2002 p. 567-582) The value chain affirms the importance of the CIO, but lets knows that the Board will be exercising oversight by consulting a number of sources, looking for convergence and consistency. Another example is Infosys that began to move up the IT services value chain into consulting and end-to-end IT solutions while continuing to offer low-end software services. As it moved up the value chain, the company weathered a global downturn due to the September 11th tragedy and the dotcom and telecom bust. (Romme, 2003 p. 558-573) In conventional planning for information systems (IS), companies start with imagining the desired future IS for the company, analyze the present application portfolios, and then compare the two to identify gaps. It is then possible to decide if anew portfolio of applications is to be developed to reach the desired future state. Advances in global information technology (IT) and telecommunications infrastructures, trends in deregulation and trade liberalization, and the emergence of world-class skills and capabilities in offshore locations (Tsoukas, 2002 p. 567-582) have opened up new sourcing opportunities beyond traditional domestic in sourcing and outsourcing. Along the ownership (in source versus outsource) and location (domestic versus offshore) dimensions, four main types of sourcing mechanisms are available: domestic in sourcing, domestic outsourcing, offshore insourcing, and offshore outsourcing. (Van de Ven, 2005 p. 1377-1404) While the outsourcing phenomenon has been well recognized and addressed in the literature, the business process outsourcing and off shoring phenomena are relatively new. Through modular business process and IT designs, firms can unbundle their value chain processes, decouple them from the underlying IT support infrastructure, and make sourcing decisions that best fit the characteristics of business processes. Tight coupling of business processes and IT is negatively associated with a firms ability to detach its processes from each other and from IT. This may leave the firm with no choice but to use a uniform sourcing mechanism for all business processes. (Van de Ven, 2005 p. 1377-1404) Our findings imply that the firm may forego opportunities to exploit low-cost, high-quality capabilities in offshore locations because tight coupling among business processes and with IT may make it infeasible or too costly to separate a business process from the firm and source it from offshore locations. The information chain To the basic elements of the information engineering approach, we add the notion of information chains. The information-chain concept parallels that of the value chain. In fact, for every component of the value chain, at least one information chain exists to support it. Such a chain may begin with a marketing forecast. The forecast leads to a sales plan, from which managers develop a production plan, and thence to a series of decisions about purchases, labor force commitments, and finally a series of sales results. The sales results are eventually quantified as ACTUALS in a sales report, and senior managers can assess the validity of the original marketing forecast in light of these actual results. (Boland, 2000) Unfortunately, most information systems cannot support the association of specific plans and observed results. That is, they cannot close the information chain. Although these systems are excellent at processing transactions, they lack the capability to trace the flow of eve nts, materials, information, and the decisions managers make about them. The transaction processing focus is an intrinsic limitation, but it isnt the only one. Another limitation is the overwhelming emphasis most organizations place on financial results. When organizations stress financially oriented performance measures, they tend to obscure or confuse the tracking of more fundamental causes of performance successes or failures. (Van de Ven, 2005 p. 1377-1404) New accounting methods like activity-based costing are an improvement, but still stress financial measures. Creating customer value is a tough proposition without a focus on traceability. Traceability of causes Traceability of cause and effect is a basic requirement in the transition to competing based on value-chain logic. Traceability is important in solving problems of delivering goods to customers on time, because this performance measure is fundamental to perceived value in the marketplace. In this area, most information systems can provide a quantification of service levels but few provide the mechanisms to determine why specific measurements were observed. For example, many steel service centers have informative systems that can accurately report how many days it took to deliver a quantity of steel to a customer, but few such systems provide management insight on why some deliveries were late. (Tsoukas, 2002 p. 567-582) The value-chain architecture The key benefit of value-chain logic is that it clarifies the relationship of internal operations to events visible to the companys customers and critical stakeholders. Information engineering, with a few methodological improvements, can help clarify the corresponding information relationships through which the company creates those events. For example, the function-entity matrices that contrast business function against data can be useful in finding point of sensitivity and leverage in performance. (Romme, 2003 p. 558-573) Conclusion In the past, outsourcers tended to look just like enterprise IT departments, handling large numbers of diverse devices, systems and applications. By contrast, the new model is based on the idea that different players in the market will focus very narrowly on a limited set of competencies (e.g., managing data centers, servers, a particular application, or a specific business process). Since, for example, the competencies needed to succeed at operating server farms are different from those needed to provide a specific application service, the rules of competitive engagement will change: Companies that try to provide totally integrated outsourcing are likely to fail against competitors that are themselves highly focused, and have a series of inter-dependent partnerships. This major restructuring of the IT value chain introduces its own forms of complexity and the need for something akin to integrated, end-to-end multi-vendor management. It will also create the need for a new type of industry player, a service integrator. Early leaders in this new role are International Network Services (INSwww.ins.com) and ATT Solutions (www.att.com/solutions). (Romme, 2003 p. 558-573) The ability to address a much wider range of concepts and the quality of those insights are much higher. Now the team can plan learning in relation to time, which dramatically portrays opportunities lifecycle cost. The depth of analysis is greater. There is also tremendous learning potential through scenario analyses, which are embedded in the new tools. The effect is a more representative project profile. While the development of unconventional resources is a complex value chain, the new tools and processes Shell unconventional oil has implemented are applicable to conventional opportunities where there is a portfolio of projects to be managed. In these instances, the same tools and processes outlined here enable a portfolio of multiple wells to be more effectively managed at a higher aggregation level. If a portfolio contains multiple individual projects with dependencies and common resources (constraints), it is a candidate for more effective modeling using the dynamic business-simulation planning processes. References Boland, R., F. Coilopy. 2004. Managing as Designing. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA. Huff S.L., Maher P.M., and Munro M.C., What Boards Dont Do-But Must Do-About Information Technology, Ivey Business Journal, 69/1 (September/October 2004): 1-4. Porter Michael, Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance (New York: Free Press, 1985). Porter M.E. and Millar V.E., How Information Gives You Competitive Advantage, Harvard Business Review, 63/4 (July/August 1985): 149-160. Romme, G. 2003. Making a difference: Organization as design. Organ. Sei. 14(5) 558-573. Tsoukas, H., R. Chia. 2002. On organizational becoming: Rethinking organizational change. Organ. Sei. 13 567-582. Van de Ven, A. H., M. S. Poole. 2005. Alternative approaches for studying organizational change. Organ. Stud. 26(9) 1377-1404.